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Abstract: This paper studies how the rollout of the Unified Payments Interface reshaped formal credit usage across 34 Indian states and union territories from 2012–2024. We construct a continuous treatment measure using average pre-UPI deposits per capita from 2012 to 2015 to capture financial readiness and estimate a heterogeneous difference-in-differences model using credit transactions per capita as the outcome. The results document that UPI led to a statistically significant increase in formal credit activity, with substantially larger impacts in states with deeper pre-existing banking systems. A one-standard-deviation increase in deposit exposure corresponds to roughly a 140 percent rise in post-UPI credit transactions relative to the pre-UPI levels, and event-study tests confirm the absence of differential pre-trends. Overall, UPI amplified existing financial depth by improving digital transaction visibility, suggesting that digital infrastructure is more likely to complement rather than substitute traditional financial development.
Abstract: This study investigates the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the context of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation across 31 Indian states and Union Territories during 2013-2021. Using fixed effects panel regression, we explore whether economic growth initially increases MSW generation and subsequently reduces it beyond a certain income threshold. The results confirm an inverted U-shaped relationship between Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) and MSW, supporting the EKC hypothesis. Sectoral drivers such as education, tourism, industrial activity, energy consumption, and agricultural land use are incorporated into the analysis. Higher education levels are associated with reduced waste generation, while industrial expansion and electricity consumption are positively correlated with MSW. In contrast, tourism activity is found to be statistically insignificant in influencing waste levels. The study also highlights considerable interstate heterogeneity, emphasizing that income growth alone does not ensure environmental improvements without supportive infrastructure and policy interventions. These findings call for state-specific waste management strategies to align economic development with environmental sustainability.
Semantic Data Model Creation in Power BI
Applied data modeling and semantic modeling principles to construct a star schema in Power BI using a fictional yet real-world relevant chocolate company dataset. Transformed raw data into an organized, query-efficient structure, enabling in-depth business analysis and reporting.
COVID-19 Data Analysis And Visualization
Evaluated global COVID-19 data using Python, Pandas, and Matplotlib to calculate recovery and mortality rates and observed trends in cases and deaths.
Sales Report of an E-Commerce Store
Processed 50,000+ transactions in Excel to deliver insights, and structured raw sales data into organized formats with visualizations in Power BI.
Data Analysis of Literacy Rates in India
Explored literacy rate trends in India (2011–2023) using Excel, highlighting urban–rural disparities through data visualizations.